Transport canada aeronautical information manual, 1. Recent projects also include airfield friction surveys at commercial and military airports in the u. Mumeter ft256 the runway friction meter mumeter ft 256 is a continuous surface measuring and reporting system for testing airport runways, taxiways and road surfaces. Canada air pilot, volumes 17, or the restricted canada air pilot. Friction needs to be sufficiently high to allow directional control of aircraft on landing and efficient braking over the available runway distance. Knowledge of runway conditions under all types of weather, such as snow, ice, rain, freezing rain, and frost. Canadian runway friction index crfi values are the.
Benefitcost analysis of procedures for accounting for runway friction on landing. Runway surface condition assessment, measurement and. Provides canadian runway friction index crfi checks, and publishes notice of airmens notams as per airport operation requirements. Friction of runway free download as powerpoint presentation. Tradewind scientific has carried out the transport canada national runway test program since 1981. Runway friction measurement status international airport. Werner kleinebeek research project manager safety analysis and research department.
That information is passed on to pilots, who use it to calculate how much distance they need to stop after touchdown. Joint winter runway friction program 2000 internet archive. Two international aviation conferences have been held in. These efforts have focused on aspects including correlation of different devices, development of a common international runway friction index and correlation of friction testing devices with aircraft braking performance. Aip canada icao part 1 general gen publication date.
Canadian runway friction index expanding the realm of possibility fs adjusted value of friction for a slip speed of s. Tests like the one in north bay give airports a numerical rating of a runway s slickness, known as the canadian runway friction index crfi. Flight operations, flight information services in canada. Pdf a decision support model to assess the braking. Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab iii volume 4 operational friction kts knot s lahso land and hold short aircraft operations ld landing distance lltt landing loads test track lpc less paper in the cockpit lsoc loose snow on compact snow lsocp loose snow on compact snow patches. Aircraft and ground vehicle winter runway friction assessment by thomas j. Canada flight supplement, section a, general section runway andor heli data tables 1 and 2 in the above subsection provide details of the application of the crfi.
Runway surface condition assessment, measurement and reporting. Reports on runway surface condition and foreign object damage. Skilled in the operation of the electronic recording decelerometer in order to report on the crfi canadian runway friction index to flight service specialists. Additional data was gathered on runway surfaces with very low friction indices, such as those covered with smooth ice and having a canadian runway friction index crfi as low as 0. Runway friction performance in nz toan, dv 1 introduction friction on a runway is, of course, a key pavement characteristic for the safe operation of aircraft. Faa takeoff and landing performance assessment, as well as easas runway friction characteristics. Means the average of friction measurements taken on runway surfaces with freezing or frozen contaminants present, using a mechanical or electronic decelerometer. All images are available as electronic files from the photo lab. The equipment consists of a small threewheeled trailer incorporating electronic measuring systems which operate in. Chapter 3 airport design standards and runway length. An overview of the annual nasa tirerunway friction.
Revised methodology for computing international friction index. Crfi abbreviation stands for canadian runway friction index. Friction is measured for each third of the runway, in a direction parallel to the runway centerline. Runway friction measurement and reporting fpaw fall 2015 meeting josh paurus msp international airport. The aircraft braking performance during full antiskid braking runs on snow covered runway surfaces agreed very well with data from previous testing. I transport transports canada canada aviation safety letter. Association, and the international runway friction index, as proposed by the joint winter runway friction measurement program, are briefly presented and discussed. Chapter 3 airport design standards and runway length pullmanmoscow regional airport master plan. Measurements were made of the maximum incipient skidding friction coefficient, the fullskidding locked wheel friction coefficient, and the wheel slip ratio during braking. Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab draft final report volume 4 operational friction measurements and runway condition reporting submitted in response to contract. Astm astm international is a standards organisation. Runway surface conditions photographed at the munich. Nasa langley research center hampton, virginia, usa abstract this paper summarizes the organization efforts, objectives, scope, agenda, test procedures and results from eleven years of conducting the nasa tire runway friction workshop. Runway friction measurement, laser measuring equipment, boeing bump index, runway cleaning systems, runway snow clearing, glycol recovery moventor oy is a modern, international, strongly growing and developing manufacturing company, highly specialised in friction measurement and the airport equipment business.
If measuring equipment does not allow measurement of friction with satisfactory reliability such as contaminated by wet snow, slush or loose snow the figure 99 will be used. Correlation of ground friction measurements to aircraft. A decision support model to assess the braking performance on snow and ice contaminated runways. To minimize hydroplaning following heavy rain, the pavement surface is usually grooved so that the surface water film flows into the grooves and the peaks between. So if you plan to use a lot of runway, or if youre fast and land long, which can be a problem when youre transitioning from an instrument approach to a landing, youre going to get worse. For contact information, refer to the canada flight supplement or the canada water aerodrome supplement, section b, aerodromefacility directory, under the subheading opr. Runway pavement surface is prepared and maintained to maximize friction for wheel braking. The tests were made with a c123b airplane on both wet and dry concrete and bituminous pavements and on snowcovered and ice surfaces at speeds from 12 to 115 knots. The hours of operation for security can be obtained by contacting the operator of the aerodrome. An overview of the annual nasa tirerunway friction workshop.
It is well known that snow, ice and specifically slush on aircraft movement surfaces can degrade the. Information from canadian aip canadian runway friction index also see history of the icao ice and snow table. An investigation was conducted to obtain information on the tiretosurface friction coefficients available in aircraft braking during the landing run. Other limitations of using an mu value as a primary indication of runway friction are.
Mu numbers friction values measured by cfme can be used as guidelines for evaluating the surface friction deterioration of runway pavements and for identifying appropriate corrective actions required for safe aircraft operations. The flight crew communicated with the company to discuss the action plan in the case of a missed approach and to see what would be the fuel required to go back to vancouver instead of the planned alternate. Cap 683 the assessment of runway surface friction characteristics glossary page 1 glossary for the purpose of a runway surface friction assessment the following definitions apply. An overview of the annual nasa tire runway friction workshop and lessons learned by yager, t. The canadian runway friction index crfi is used in canada. Aircraft and ground vehicle winter runway friction assessment. The faas braking action reports have changed, heres what. An advisory of runway conditions is provided to the control tower after every runway check or change in runway conditions via tracr ii snowiz. Optimizing airport runway performance by managing pavement. A minimum of four 4 test surfaces with friction levels varying from 0. Improving airport runway braking analysis through innovative modeling by cheng zhang a thesis presented to the university of waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of master of applied science in civil engineering waterloo, ontario, canada, 2014 cheng zhang 2014. For m ore information refer to the following publication. For the past year, there has been a lot of discussion in the us and canada on establishing regional calibration centers for the airportrunway friction measuring devices as well as definition of a practical and acceptable calibration procedure.
Konarski, karolina university of waterloo, 20140417 in response to global climate change, transport canada has initiated a climate change adaptation study in order to provide an opportunity to improve knowledge of the impacts of climate change on transportation. This document is an unedited advance versioof an icao publication as approved, in n principle, by the secretary general, which is made available for convenience. A decision support model to assess the braking performance on. Phase 1 31 airport design standards the selection of appropriate design standards for the development of airfield facilities is based primarily upon the characteristics of the aircraft projected to use the airport on a regular basis.
Typical mu values for an aircraft travelling at 65kmhr would be around 0. The report suggests normalized friction measurements for the comparison of friction measurement devices and segmented runway condition maps to monitor friction at airports. The objective of this program is to ensure the provision of safe airport runway operating conditions for efficient air transportation in canada. Operates appropriate heavy and specialized equipment using approved practices and procedures. International friction index ifi piarc has developed friction slip speed model piarc model as shown in figure 1 and determined golden.
The timely and accurate measurement of runway friction. Chapter 4 coefficient of friction and friction measuring devices coefficient of friction 23 chapter 5 aircraft operations 26 chapter 6 reporting of runway surface condition 38 chapter 7 safety, human factors and hazards 51 chapter 8 future work 59 appendix a programme on friction measurement and runway. International friction index ifi piarc has developed friction slip speed model piarc model as shown in figure 1 and determined golden values of speed number gs and golden value of friction gf60 based on the results of international experiment. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site.
Runway friction characteristics measurement march 2010. The average decelerometer reading of each runway is reported as the canadian runway friction index crfi. Many members of committee e17 have been part of an ongoing research into friction measurement and measuring devices. The data was used to compare the international runway friction index determined from the gfmds data to the aircraft braking coefficient mu data collected from six different aircraft. Data analysis is continuing to improve the harmonization of ground vehicle friction measurements and determine a suitable aircraft friction index based on calculated aircraft stopping distances using irfi. Canadian runway friction index archive pprune forums. Less friction means less aircraft braking coefficient and less aircraft braking response. If you look at the chart, it means the braking action for the runway is good at touchdown, good to medium at the midpoint, and medium to poor on the rollout. During the year 2000, the astm e 2100 standard the international runway friction index, irfi, was drafted and approved.
A runway surface that is designed, constructed, and maintained to have good water drainage, which minimizes the risk of hydroplaning when the runway is wet and provides aircraft braking performance shown to be better than that used in the airworthiness standards for a wet, smooth runway. Mitigation of climate change impacts on runway friction kuujjuaq airport. Runway water, ice, or snow was a factor in more than 50 airplane accidents between 1998 and 2006. The program involves extensive runway friction and roughness measurements at some 100 airports annually. The ground vehicle runway friction value measured 30 minutes earlier may have no relevancy to current pavement friction conditions. The final edited version may still undergo alterations in the process of editing. The runway surface condition was 50 per cent bare and dry and 50 per cent covered with drifting snow. Yager senior research engineer nasa langley research center presented at the international forum on aeroelasticity and structural dynamics june 2225, 1999 williamsburg, va abstract some background information is given together with the scope and objectives of a 5year. Both an international and a canadian runway friction indices have been identified from ground vehicle and aircraft friction measurements. Friction loss per 100 coefficient of retardation based on pipe material flow volume gpm inside diameter of pipe v q d p p ff p software, the irrigation system design calculator information.
Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab iii volume 3 functional friction scrim sideway force coefficient routine investigation machine sft saab friction tester or surface friction tester sn skid number snowtam snow warning to airmen spm sand patch method srm stuttgarter reibungsmesser. Mother nature can change a dry, high friction pavement surface into an icy, low friction surface in a matter of minutes. Ifi international friction index irfi international runway friction index jwrfmp joint winter runway friction measurement program mal maintenance action level mfl minimum friction level mpl maintenance planning level mtd mean texture depth mum mumeter naa national airport authority nasa national aeronautics and space administration. Frequently asked questions about the takeoff and landing performance assessment talpa initiative for airport operators pdf provides answers to questions about talpa, rcam, and the process for reporting runway conditions. Revised methodology for computing international friction index article pdf available in transportation research record journal of the transportation research board 22271.
Nasa langley research center has partnered with the federal aviation administration faa, transport canada tc, and several european and asian aviation authorities and organisations in the joint winter runway friction measurement program jwrfmp. The aibn has found that sanding, which has been used for many years to treat contaminated runways, is most effective in low temperatures and dry weather conditions, while on wet ice or loose contamination that is, wet or dry. The canadian runway friction index crfi and the international runway friction index irfi are two major outcomes from these efforts to harmonize ground vehicle friction measurements and to identify the relationship to aircraft stopping performance. Improving airport runway braking analysis through innovative. Friction is expressed as the coefficient of friction.
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